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M U S I C T H E O R Y O N L I N E
A Publication of the
Society for Music Theory
Copyright (c) 1993 Society for Music Theory
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| Volume 0, Number 4 September, 1993 ISSN: 1067-3040 |
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AUTHOR: McNamee, Ann K.
TITLE: Grazyna Bacewicz's Second Piano Sonata (1953): Octave
Expansion and Sonata Form
KEYWORDS: linear analysis, 20th-century sonata forms, Polish folk music
Ann K. McNamee Swarthmore College Swarthmore, PA 19081 amcname1@cc.swarthmore.edu
ABSTRACT: If Grazyna Bacewicz's music is so "conservative" and "neoclassical," why is it so difficult to define the beginning and ending of the Development in one of her best-known works, the first movement of her Piano Sonata II? Thirty students and colleagues arrived at nearly thirty different answers to this question. I propose a linear analysis to best define the Development's parameters, an analysis which reveals a large-scale octave descent in the bass register. This octave descent spans neither the major nor the minor scale, but instead prolongs a Polish folk mode known as the Podhalean mode.
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INTRODUCTION [1] Internationally acclaimed as both a concert violinist and a composer, Grazyna Bacewicz (1909-1969) holds a place in history as "the greatest woman composer of her time, and the most prolific female composer of all time."(1) Her national and international awards for composition are numerous, reaching their peak during the 1950's. In terms of Polish music history, Bacewicz succeeded Szymanowski in the leadership role in her country, before relinquishing that position to Lutoslawski and Penderecki. Her relative obscurity in the U.S. may be due to the conservative language of her music, reflecting her choice to conform to the political pressures of her times. Bacewicz's music most often receives the adjectives "neoclassical," "conservative," and "influenced by Polish folk music." Perhaps this apparent passivity was of less interest to Americans than the rebelliousness and modernism of Lutoslawski.
======================================================= 1. Rosen, Judith, *Grazyna Bacewicz: Her Life and Works*, Polish Music History Series, vol. 2 (Los Angeles: University of Southern California, 1984), 15. MTO's format does not allow for diacritical marks at the present time. A dot belongs over the z in Grazyna, changing the pronunciation to a hard z (Grah-ZHYH-nah Bah-TSEH-veetch). =======================================================
[2] Whatever the reasons for the previous lack of exposure, one now finds increasing interest in the U.S. in the music of this outstanding composer. New recordings, books, and articles appear with growng frequency.(2) However, very little has yet to appear in the way of detailed analysis. A piece which is perhaps the most readily available, beautiful, and representative of Bacewicz's work is the Second Piano Sonata, composed in 1953. With the adjectives conservative and neoclassical in mind, one might expect that a formal analysis of the first movement of this piano sonata would be straightforward. After discussing the question of form with about 30 students and colleagues, I learned with each differing answer that the exact form causes great confusion. Not about whether or not the movement is in sonata form -- that was agreed to by all. But confusion arose as to where the Development begins and ends. Perhaps Bacewicz's music is more "neo" than "Classical," perhaps more innovative than previously thought, while still conforming to the political demands of the day.
======================================================= 2. In English sources, four scholars have done significant work on Bacewicz's music. Pioneering work was done by Judith Rosen in "Grazyna Bacewicz: Evolution of a Composer," as part of *Musical Woman, An International perspective, vol. 1* (Westport, CT and London: Greenwood, 1983, pub. 1984), 105-17. In the same publication, an article about two of Bacewicz's seven string quartets appears, written by Elizabeth Wood, "Grazyna Bacewicz: Form, Syntax, Style," 118-27. Judith Rosen authored the first monograph in English, cited in footnote 1. Next in that series is Thomas Adrian's *Grazyna Bacewicz: Chamber and Orchestral Music*, Polish Music History Series, vol. 3 (Los Angeles: University of Southern California, 1985), which contains an excellent bibliography on pages 119-21. A recent publication is Sharon Guertin Shafer's *The Contribution of Grazyna Bacewicz (1909- 1969) to Polish Music* (Lewiston, N.Y.: E. Mellen Press, 1992), which discusses Bacewicz's songs. All of the above sources taken together add up to only 319 pages; research has just begun in the West. =======================================================
[3] The present article offers work in progress. Its focus is extremely narrow, that of finding the exact parameters of the Development section of the first movement of Bacewicz's Second Piano Sonata. In order to define the form, I offer a combination of linear analysis and modal analysis, as well as a glimpse at Bacewicz's sketch material. I propose that a large-scale prolongation of an octave defines the Development section, overshadowing thematic coincidences. Because the essay is online, I hope that this topic, which has already generated many differing responses, will continue to spark discussion in an electronic forum.
[4] The part of the score needed for this discussion can be found in Examples 1 and 2a-2d. For the entire score, see James Briscoe's *Historical Anthology of Music by Women*, which contains all movements of the sonata.(3) The sonata has been recorded by the following four pianists: 1) Anna Briscoe, on the companion cassettes to the *Historical Anthology of Music by Women*, 2) Nancy Fierro, Avant AV 1012, 3) Krystian Zimerman, Muza SX 1510, and 4) Regina Smendzianka, Muza SXL 0977. Another alternative for hearing the piece is requesting that I send it to you electronically.(4)
======================================================= 3. *Historical Anthology of Music by Women* James Briscoe, ed. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 298-318. The two pages preceding the piano sonata contain excellent commentary on the piece by Adrian Thomas. Examples 1 and 2a-2d have been reprinted by kind permission of Polskie Wydawnictwo Muzyczne. Another excellent two-page commentary on Bacewicz can be found in *Women and Music: A History* Karin Pendle, ed. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991), 197-99. 4. If you e-mail me directly at amcname1.cc.swarthmore.edu I will attempt to send you the six minutes of music in the FTP format. Be forewarned that you must have at least 6 megabytes of memory available to receive this amount of sound over the network. This procedure is possible because of the kind permission of Indiana University Press.
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[5] I will begin with a brief discussion of the opening phrases of the Exposition, then look for the start of the Development. After that formal point has been established, the start of the Recapitulation will be discussed. I will then consider the structure of the Development as a whole.
EXPOSITION AND THE BEGINNING OF THE DEVELOPMENT [6] As shown in Example 1, Bacewicz's Second Piano Sonata opens with a two-measure Maestoso passage, followed by a change in tempo to Agitato. A critical feature of the link between these two musical statements is the bass motion, from the octave B in measures 1-2 to the octave E (the tonic). This simple, Classical gesture of a dominant to tonic motion also brings in the folk elements of the open octave pedal point and a melody which emphasizes perfect fourths. I view the first two measures as an anacrusis motive, a slow introduction to the first theme which begins in measure 3. The anacrusis motive becomes the central issue in deciding on the start of the Recapitulation. After the anacrusis motive, measures 3-10 contain the first theme, a full- bodied, 8-bar Agitato statement.
[7] Although a gap in the score occurs between Examples 1 and 2a (in order to keep the GIF files to a tolerable amount), the music shown in Example 2a introduces the second theme of the Exposition. I agree with Adrian Thomas that the second theme begins at the poco meno in measure 42. Thomas does not propose a starting measure for the Development, but instead characterizes Bacewicz as "a rhapsodist, constantly reshaping her materials through the developmental association of motivic ideas."(5) This ambiguity of form is in keeping with Charles Rosen's idea, that, after Brahms, sonatas often contain an indistinct link from the Exposition to the Development: "In general, it [sonata form] was considered a variant of ternary form, an ABA scheme in which the first A section does not really conclude, and the B section is characterized by fragmentation, thematic development, and a dramatic texture."(6)
======================================================= 5. Thomas, *Historical Anthology of Music by Women*, 298. 6. Rosen, Charles, *Sonata Forms [revised edition]* (New York and London: W. W. Norton & Co., 1988), 403. =======================================================
[8] Thomas and Rosen are perhaps supported by the varied, seemingly "random" answers I received for determining the start of the Development. Students and colleagues have selected almost *evey* measure as a possible starting point between measures 65 and 91. I disagree with them all; I apparently alone hear the start of the Development at measure 64.(7) Somewhat of a cluster of responses seemed to favor measure 70 or 91 as the Development's starting point. I believe that a detailed enough analysis of the form can yield a very convincing, quite innovative, structure. Examples 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d contain the score for the entire Development section.
======================================================= 7. One respondent, a fifth-semester theory student, came the closest to hearing the piece the way I do, choosing measure 65 for the beginning of the Development. That student was Roxanna Glass, now a doctoral candidate at CUNY-Graduate Center. =======================================================
[9] Example 3 contains the sketch material for the disputed start of the Development (reprinted by kind permission of the University of Warsaw Library). Notice that the "poco a poco cresc. ed accelerando," which is buried a bit in the published score (measures 64-66, Example 2a), is very prominently set off in the sketch. This is fortuitous for me, because the start of the "poco a poco cresc." coincides exactly with what I call the start of the Development. The sketch material raises several questions, however. For example, in measure 64 of the published score, a C-natural appears in the right-hand part. The equivalent place in the sketch shows a discrepancy, a C#. Questions like this one are part of a more complete analysis of this piece, which is outside the scope of the present article.
[10] Of course, one should not read too much into the sketch material in this instance. Other more compelling reasons support the idea that the Development begins in measure 64. For example, the measures preceding the Development, measures 55-59, contain the anacrusis motive from measures 1 and 2, signaling an upcoming important event. This sense of anticipation is extended in measures 61-63 by a "trill," F-Gb (enharmonically F-F#), a fifth away from B. Taking these anticipatory musical gestures into account, the transition to the Development echoes the opening of the Exposition. In measures 1-2, the B in the bass introduces the E tonic of the first theme, also a fifth away. The anacrusis motive serves the same function in both important formal points of the piece. In fact, both the anacrusis motive and the trill recur throughout the piece with anticipatory functions. Measures 8, 41, 52, and 55-59 contain variants of the anacrusis motive, while measures 12, 51, and 53 contain the trill motive, in each case, heralding upcoming thematic events.
[11] All of these reasons lead to a clear decision that the Development begins in measure 64: the anticipation of an important formal event by both the anacrusis and trill motives, the enharmonic F#-B fifth motion, paralleling the fifth motion of the opening of the movement, and a distinctive placement in the sketches.
THE RECAPITULATION [12] While finding the start of the Development may be difficult for recent sonatas, finding the start of the Recapitulation for most sonatas, even non-tonal ones, should create less dispute. For this piece, however, student and colleagues' responses clustered into three different places: measure 120, 129, or 130. (See Example 2d for the score.)
[13] One could argue that the music in measure 129 is so similar to the very first two measures of the piece that one must say the Recapitulation has already begun by this point. Alternatively, the choice of measure 120 as the start of the Recap presents a variant on this idea. The dramatic tempo shift in measure 120 after the long rests in measure 119, the similar melodic content of perfect fourths and minor sevenths, and the octave B in the bass all support this analysis. Proponents of this formal scheme say that the music of measures 1 and 2 has returned in measures 120-129, with an expansion and development. Charles Rosen mentions three examples of sonatas that contain slow introductions with reappearances at the same tempo later in the movement.(8)
======================================================= 8. Rosen, Charles, 243. On the same page, Rosen also states, "They [slow introductions] are best viewed rhythmically as large- scale upbeats, and harmonically the dominant pedal is the most important element in their structure -- and in their emotional effect as well, as it creates a sense of something about to happen." =======================================================
[14] Both of these ideas (measure 120 or 129) for the start of the Recapitulation are flawed, and flawed for the same reason. Measures 1 and 2 do not present the first theme, but rather an introduction or anacrusis to the first theme, which does not begin until measure 3. Reasons for discounting the initial two measures as theme 1 are the brevity of melodic statement, the dramatic shift of tempo from slow to fast, and, most importantly, the bass note B which functions as a dominant, leading convincingly to E in measure 3. The theme in measure 3 has all of the characteristics of a sonata-allegro first theme, the allegro quality, a convincingly meaty melodic statement, and the tonic E as its bass. The melodic gestures in the first two measures, rising perfect fourths and minor sevenths, recur as upbeats at other points in the movement, at a faster tempo.
[15] While I am convinced that the Recapitulation cannot begin earlier than measure 130, I heartily agree with the idea that the first two measures of the piece are expanded in measures 120-29. But that supports the idea of Development or Retransition all the more, rather than Recapitulation. Of all the responses to my question of form, my most memorable was, "The Development ends in measure 119, and the Recapitulation begins in measure 130," cleverly willing away the sticky issue of the Andante section.
LINEAR ANALYSIS AND OCTAVE EXPANSION [16] Something equally, if not more, important than all of the above reasons determines the form of this piece. Beneath the surface of the piece -- the themes and the foreground progressions -- the linear development and octave expansion at the middleground level best support the analysis of measures 64- 129 as the Development. "Linear development" and "middleground" immediately conjure up the Schenkerian model, with its large- scale step-wise descents usually in the highest structural voice. Extending linear analysis to include twentieth-century music, several theorists have proposed more inclusive ideas of prolongation. Most prominent among them, Allen Forte proposes non-tonal prolongations in his many articles on linear analysis.(9) Other theorists, notably Paul Wilson, Joseph Straus, and Pieter van den Toorn, discuss linear motion over long spans of music in the works of Slavic composers.(10) These prolongations illuminate the structures of advanced tonal language and of nontonal music, and allow for prolongations of musical statements other than tonal ones. Registers other than the highest register may carry equal weight.
======================================================= 9. Bibliographies for this relatively new direction in analyzing non-tonal and extended tonal music can be found at the end of Allen Forte, "New Approaches to the Linear Analysis of Music," *Journal of the American Musicological Society* 41/2 (1988): 315- 48 and Allen Forte, "Concepts of Linearity in Schoenberg's Atonal Music: A Study of the Op. 15 Song Cycle," *Journal of Music Theory* 36/2 (1992): 285-382. 10. Wilson, Paul, *The Music of Bela Bartok* (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1992). Straus, Joseph N., *Introduction to Post-Tonal Theory* (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice- Hall, 1991). van den Toorn, Pieter, *The Music of Igor Stravinsky* (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1984). =======================================================
[17] Recognizing the inherent dangers of embarking on this slippery slope, I would like to continue down their path and introduce a modal prolongation of an octave, in the bass register. This octave expansion not only spans all of the Development section; it *defines* the Development section.
[18] Example 4a presents a preliminary version of a linear analysis of the structure of the entire Development. During the Development an octave is composed out in the bass, from the B in measures 64-78 to the B in measures 121-29. One can easily find comparable examples in the tonal literature for a Development section being defined by a middleground prolongation of an interval.(11) If one searches for a descending B Major or b minor scale in the Bacewicz sonata, however, none would surface. A particularly crucial part of a standard tonal investigation would be the search for scale-degree 5, F#. It simply doesn't exist in this octave descent. After the appearance of Gb (F#) in measures 61-63, as part of the trill to introduce the Development, F# disappears. This disappearance seems to negate the possibility of an octave descent in either B Major or b minor.
======================================================= 11. An especially beautiful example of an unfolded interval which spans the entire Development section can be found in Heinrich Schenker, *Five Graphic Music Analyses* (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1969), 40-43. The Haydn sonata in this example recurs as Figure 62 in Schenker's *Free Composition* trans. and ed. by Ernst Oster (New York and London: Longman Inc., 1979), with some discussion on page 64. =======================================================
THE PODHALEAN MODE [19] I propose a more logical choice for a scale, a Polish folk mode called the Podhalean mode, which infuses much of Bacewicz's and Szymanowski's music. Example 4b shows the pitches of a descending Podhalean scale on B. As in much of Slavic and Eastern European folk music, characteristic features of this mode are the raised fourth degree and the lowered seventh degree. Great importance is placed on the raised scale-degree 4, a tritone away from the tonic. Example 4c shows the same Podhalean scale on B, but written with enharmonic equivalents.
[20] This enharmonic form of the Podhalean mode appears very prominently in the Development. As shown in Example 4d, a middleground octave descent in the bass line spans the entire Development section. I believe that this middleground descent is compelling enough to be the main determining factor of form. The start of the Development, in measure 64, presents a B in the bass. A chromatic passing tone, B-flat, occurs in measures 82-87, at an octave below, thereby hinting at the ultimate goal of the descent, the lower octave. Scale-degree 7, A-natural, appears in measures 88 and 89, first at the lower octave, and then in measure 90 at the upper octave. From a thematic point of view, what has been developed so far is the anacrusis motive and the trill. In measures 77-78, the minor third, which first appeared in measures 11-12, is developed. This minor third is embellished with an upper neighbor in measures 82-88. The melodic shape, clearly spelled out in the bass in measure 90, is reminiscent of the bass in measures 39-40. Scale-degree 6, G#, occurs enharmonically as A-flat in measure 91 and continues its structural importance until measure 96. The fermata for this A- flat emphasizes its importance, as does the immediate abandonment of the low register. A combination of the trill motive and a motive from measures 29-35 is being developed here. I consider the B-flats in measures 95-96 as upper neighbors to A-flat and the G-naturals in measure 97 as passing tones to the F in measure 99.
[21] Scale-degree 5 appears nowhere prominently. Instead, great emphasis is placed on the raised-fourth degree, F-natural (enharmonically E#) in measures 99-102. Of critical importance is which theme is being developed here. As shown in Example 4d, this part of the Development highlights the second theme from the Exposition (measures 42ff.). The theme is transposed and beautifully augmented in the bass. This occurrence of the second theme in the bass highlights the importance of the bass register for the Development. It also highlights the Classical sensibilities of Bacewicz, as this theme begins halfway through the Development. A characteristic feature of the folk-influenced music of Szymanowski and Bacewicz, this emphasis on raised scale- degree 4 often replaces scale-degree 5 in the role of the "dominant."(12)
======================================================= 12. Talk of the tritone as "dominant" immediately brings to mind Erno Lendvai's axis system, as described in *Bela Bartok: An Analysis of his Music* (London: Kahn & Averill, 1971). In order to actually understand Lendvai's ideas, one should read the Appendix "Erno Lenvai and the Axis System" in Wilson's book, *The Music of Bela Bartok*, 203-208. Lendvai refers to the Podhalean mode as the acoustic or overtone scale (Lendvai, 67). Another name for this mode is "heptatonia seconda" (Wilson, 27). =======================================================
[22] If at this point in the Development one searches for scale- degrees 3 and 2, one is tempted to assign great importance to the descending E-flat and D-flat in measure 104. Although I do not want to diminish the importance of this descent in terms of the Podhalean scale prolongation, one must place this motion in context. The second theme of the Exposition has a melody which extends from measure 44 all the way to 48 (highlighted by Bacewicz's phrase marking -- both in the published score and in the sketches -- which does not end until measure 48). The ending gesture of this theme is a stepwise descent. I hear that portion of the theme being developed in measures 103 ff., in fact, perhaps even being developed until the goal of the low B is reached.
[23] Great anticipation of the Recapitulation begins in measure 105. The two-note motive develops both the trill idea and part of the theme from measure 29 (previously developed in measures 91ff.). A chromatic rising motion in the upper voice in measures 115-118 has appeared many times before. This chromatic figure first appears in the middle voice in measures 2-7 (especially in measure 6), as an accompaniment to the first theme. It is inverted in measures 41-47, as an accompaniment to the second theme. This chromatic figure begins the Development, in measures 64, 66, and 68, as part of a call-and-response juxtaposition with the trill figure in measure 65 and the fourths and sevenths figure in measures 67 and 69! The chromatic motive convincingly accompanies the arrival of B in the bass, which occurs in measures 115-119, but in the wrong, higher, octave. Or is it wrong? Perhaps the higher octave B in the bass during these measures, moving to the lower octave B at the Andante in measure 121, emphasizes linearly the vertical B octave itself. Put another way, the B-B motion summarizes the entire Development, and its linear expansion of that octave.
[24] The Development is not complete, therefore, without the arrival of the lowest B octave. After its arrival in measure 120, B structures the harmony over the next nine measures, creating an enormous development of the opening two measures of the piece. This long B is finally resolved to an E in measure 130. The Development is complete, the linear descent of an octave accomplished, and the Recapitulation perfectly prepared!(13)
======================================================= 13. Does it make any sense for Bacewicz to have structured the Development in this way, that registral expansion is supreme? Bacewicz was a world-class violinist, concertizing throughout Europe. It is possible that her sensitivity to register developed through her string playing. It is also possible that the expansion of the bass register, so critical to solo violin music, may have influenced her piano writing. =======================================================
CONCLUSION [25] During the height of creative repression in Poland after the War, Bacewicz chose to comply with Soviet directives and to use traditional forms and Polish idioms for her compositions. The neoclassicism in her music is obvious; no one hears this first movement as anything other than sonata-allegro form. Yet, when pressed for specifics, the "Classicism" has more depth than at first glance; the exact form is not self-evident. Using my analysis, we find an extraordinarily balanced movement, with about two minutes of music each for the Exposition, Development, and the Recapitulation. Halfway through the Development, the second theme appears in the bass. The prolonged bass pitch for the second theme is F-natural, a tritone away from B, with its own internal suggestion of symmetry -- splitting the octave in half. This elegantly balanced Classical architecture supports an innovative, multi-levelled use of the Podhalean mode.
[26] Many examples of folk influence occur in this piece. In measures 1-2, the slow introduction, great melodic emphasis is placed on the perfect fourth. This rising fourth generates the second theme of the Exposition by being filled in. Also, as shown literally in measures 1-2, two perfect fourths in succession create a rising minor seventh. This minor seventh echoes the lowered seventh scale degree of the Podhalean mode. The seventh also serves to intertwine the older folk idiom with the modern dissonance of exposed sevenths. As Adrian Thomas states so well, Bacewicz's music is not formulaic.(14) Enter the term "rhapsodist," a term which begs for clarification.
======================================================= 14. Thomas especially dislikes the "logic of form" generality. "'Logic of form,' on the other hand, is a particular and oft-repeated nonsense. As a compositional attribute it is intrinsically indefinable, and few composers would relish such a label when unaccompanied by an appraisal of the ideas that create the form." (*Grazyna Bacewicz: Chamber and Orchestral Music*, 117). =======================================================
[27] Quite hidden to both characterizations of "rhapsodist" and "folk-influenced" is the large-scale expansion of the Podhalean mode throughout the Development section. While the rhapsodist seems to wander astray, the classicist subtly crafts a beautifully centered art form. The folk quality, reminiscent of Szymanowski's last pieces, unfolds very differently for Bacewicz than for Szymanowski.
[28] As research continues, perhaps a new legacy for Bacewicz will take shape. The pejorative implications of the labels "formal," "conservative," and "non-innovative" may yield to an assessment of her music on its own terms, peacefully coexisting with the non-innovative music of her alphabetical neighbor, Bach. In fact, with respect to multilevel, modal structures, Bacewicz is indeed innovative. The first two measures of the Second Piano Sonata, with its vertical B octave in the bass moving to the E and to theme 1 in measure 3, anticipates the entire Development section. The Development takes the bass octave and prolongs it linearly by means of the Podhalean mode. This large-scale descent creates a remarkable middleground structure.
[29] I view the geneology in Polish music not as Bacewicz's being a disciple of Szymanowski (just as Szymanowski was not a "disciple" of Chopin), but as a successor to the throne. During the 1950's, Bacewicz was Poland's leading composer, male or female. With further analysis, continued exposure and attention, Bacewicz's music may come to be viewed in a similar light to the neoclassical work of Bartok.(15)
======================================================= 15. Paul Wilson convincingly analyzes Bartok's Piano Sonata with several levels of pitch-class sets linked to levels of prolonged linear motion (*The Music of Bela Bartok*, 55-84). An analysis of Bacewicz's sonata using set theory along with linear analysis is in progress, but outside the scope of this article. =======================================================
[30] Perhaps consensus can be reached that Bacewicz's sonata is more "neo" than "Classical" in its use of Polish folk idioms, more rhapsodic than formulaic in its emotional content, and, at the same time, less rhapsodic and more formally structured in terms of thematic development at the middleground. The beautiful balance heard throughout many levels of the piano sonata brings an elegance of form which perfectly complements the concentrated, dramatic, virtuosic, and seemingly improvisitional quality of the piece. I like to imagine that Bacewicz, while satisfying the bureaucrats in power at the time, was able to save some individualism for herself.(16)
======================================================= 16. I would like to thank Lee Rothfarb, Michael Marissen, and George Huber for their help with this article. ======================================================= END OF TARGET ARTICLE, MTO 0.4
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